barumsa 'field of study', afaan 'mouth, language', barumsa afaanii 'linguistics'. hojii 'job', Caaltuu, woman's name, hojii Caaltuu, 'Caaltuu's job'. obboleetti 'sister', namicha 'the man', obboleetti namichaa 'the man's sister'. Many such phrases with specific technical meanings have been added to the Oromo lexicon in recent years. The possessor noun follows the possessed noun in a genitive phrase. The genitive is usually formed by lengthening a final short vowel, by adding -ii to a final consonant, and by leaving a final long vowel unchanged. GenitiveThe genitive is used for possession or 'belonging' it corresponds roughly to English of or -'s. haadha 'mother', haati ( dh + t assimilates to t). Some feminine nouns ending in a short vowel add -ti. afaan 'mouth, language (base form or nom.)'. If the noun ends in n, the nominative is identical to the base form. nyachuu 'to eat, eating', nyachuun 'to eat, eating (nom.)'. This pattern applies to infinitives, which end in -uu. If the noun ends in a long vowel, -n is suffixed to this. namicha 'the man', namichi 'the man (nom.)' (the ch in the definite suffix -icha is actually geminated, though not normally written as such). ibsa 'statement', ibsi 'statement (nom.)'. If a final short vowel is preceded by two consonants or a geminated consonant, -i is suffixed. namoota 'men' namootni, namoonni 'men (nom.)' ( t + n may assimilate to nn). Following certain consonants, assimilation changes either the n or that consonant (the details depend on the dialect). Most nouns ending in short vowels with a preceding single consonant drop the final vowel and add -ni to form the nominative. Ibsaan konkolaataa qaba 'Ibsaa has a car'. Ibsaa (a name), Ibsaan 'Ibsaa (nom.)', konkolaataa '(a) car', qaba 'he has':. NominativeThe nominative is used for nouns that are the subjects of clauses. For some of the cases, there is a range of forms possible, some covering more than one case, and the differences in meaning among these alternatives may be quite subtle. The case endings follow plural or definite suffixes if these appear. 
Consonants Bilabial/Ī noun may also appear in one of six other grammatical cases, each indicated by a suffix or the lengthening of the noun's final vowel. This article uses ⟨c⟩ consistently for /tʃʼ/ and ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/. Note that there have been minor changes in the orthography since it was first adopted: ⟨x⟩ ( ) was originally rendered ⟨th⟩, and there has been some confusion among authors in the use of ⟨c⟩ and ⟨ch⟩ in representing the phonemes /tʃʼ/ and /tʃ/, with some early works using ⟨c⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃʼ/ and even ⟨c⟩ for different phonemes depending on where it appears in a word. The phonemes /p v z/ appear in parentheses because they are only found in recently adopted words.
In the charts below, the International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for a phoneme is shown in brackets where it differs from the Oromo letter. Gemination is not obligatorily marked for digraphs, though some writers indicate it by doubling the first element: qopphaa'uu 'be prepared'.
In the Qubee alphabet, letters include the digraphs ch, dh, ny, ph, sh.
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